|

Excerpts from
A. A. Bailey's Autobiography and
J. Ransom's A Short History of the Theosophical Society
about the events in the TS in America in 1919-22.
|
| |
|
| Autobiography
by Alice A. Bailey |
A Short History of the Theosophical Society
by Josephine Ransom
|
| |
|
Towards the end of
1919 Mr. Bailey was made National Secretary of the Theosophical
Society. Dr. Shepherd was made Publicity Director and I became editor
of the sectional magazine, The Messenger, and chairman of the committee
which was running Krotona. All phases of the work and all the different
policies and principles governing the administration were, therefore,
open to us. The General Secretary, Mr. A. P. Warrington, was a close
friend, and all the senior workers were friends and there seemed
to be great harmony and a truly cooperative spirit. Little by little,
however, we discovered how superficial this harmony was. Little
by little we entered upon a most difficult and distressing time.
Our affection and personal loyalties were with our friends and co-executives,
but our sense of justice and our adherence to the governing principles
were constantly being outraged. The truth of the matter was that
the management of the Theosophical Society in the United States,
and still more so in Adyar (the international center), was at that
time reactionary and old-fashioned whereas the new approach to life
and truth, freedom of interpretation and impersonality were the
characteristics which should have governed policies and methods
but did not.
The society was founded
for the establishing of universal brotherhood but it was degenerating
into a sectarian group more interested in founding and sustaining
lodges and increasing the membership than in reaching the general
public with the truths of the Ageless Wisdom. Their policy of admitting
nobody into the E.S. for spiritual teaching unless they had been
for two years a member of the T.S. is proof of this. Why should
spiritual teaching be withheld until a person had demonstrated for
two years their loyalty to an organization? Why should people be
required to sever their connection with other groups and organizations
and pledge their loyalty to what is called the "Outer Head"
of the E.S. when the only loyalties which should be required are
those dedicated to the service of one's fellowmen, the spiritual
Hierarchy and, above all, one's own soul? No personality has the
right to ask spiritual pledges from other personalities. The only
pledge that any human being should give is, first of all, to his
own inner divinity, the Soul, and later, to the Master under Whose
guidance he can more efficiently serve his fellowmen.
I remember at one of
the first E.S. meetings I attended Miss Poutz, who was the secretary
of the E.S. at that time., made the astounding statement that no
one in the world could be a disciple of the Masters of the Wisdom
unless they had been so notified by Mrs. Besant. That remark broke
a glamor in me, although I did not speak of it at that time except
to Foster Bailey. I knew I was a disciple of the Master K.H. and
had been as long as I could remember. Mrs. Besant had evidently
overlooked me. I could not understand why the Masters, Who were
supposed to have a universal consciousness, would only look for
Their disciples in the ranks of the T.S. I knew it could not be
so. I knew They could not be so limited in consciousness and later
I met many people who were disciples of the Masters and who had
never been in touch with the T.S. and had never even heard of it.
Just as I thought I had found a center of spiritual light and understanding,
I discovered I had wandered into another sect.
We discovered then that
the E.S. completely dominated the T.S. Members were good members
if, and only if, they accepted the authority of the E.S. If they
agreed with all the pronouncements of the Outer Head and if they
gave their loyalty to the people that the heads of the E.S. in every
country endorsed. Some of their pronouncements seemed ridiculous.
Many of the people endorsed were mediocre to the nth degree. A number
who were looked up to as initiates were not particularly intelligent
or loving, and love and intelligence, in full measure, are the hallmark
of the initiate. Amongst the advanced membership there was competition
and claim making and, therefore, constant fighting between personalities
- fighting that was not confined just to oral battles but which
found its expression in magazine articles. I shall never forget
my horror one day when a man in Los Angeles said to me, "If
you want to know what brotherhood is not, go and live at Krotona."
He did not know I lived there.
The whole situation
was so serious and the split in the section so great between those
who stood for brotherhood, for impersonality, for non claim-making
and for dedication to the service of humanity that Foster cabled
Mrs. Besant to the effect that if the E.S. did not cease dominating
the T.S. the E.S. would soon be under very serious attack.
The T.S. situation was
getting more and more difficult and plans were being made already
for the convention of 1920, where the whole situation blew up. Speaking
of my interior experience, I had become as disillusioned with the
T.S. as I had with orthodox Christianity but the situation was not
so acute because great and basic truths had come to have meaning
to me and I was not alone because Foster and I were already planning
to get married. |
|
| |
Since Mr. Warrington was head
of both The Theosophical Society, as General Secretary (or National
President, as is the title used in the United States), and of the
E.S., opinion had grown up that these posts combined gave him too
much power. A group was presently formed which worked under the
title of “Towards Democracy League,” urged by the idea that The
Society, as such, should be free from all entanglements with any
Cause whatsoever.
Footnote: In 1910 a Theosophical Centre was started,
in pursuance of Mrs. Besant’s recommendation to Mr. Warrington to
found a Centre, which was to be a training ground for leaders, and
to establish and maintain a School or Institute of Theosophy. In
April 1912 a site was purchased in Hollywood, and named Krotona.
When Mr. Warrington became General Secretary in 1912, both The Theosophical
Society and the E.S. were combined in Krotona and the property was
under Mrs. Besant s control, but managed by a local Committee. It
proved somewhat difficult to maintain financially. In 1919-21 problems
arose, and criticism was focussed on Krotona. Eventually, 1922,
Mrs. Besant decided to sell sufficient of the property to pay off
the mortgage, and to retain a suitable section of the Estate for
the E.S. Anyone thinking the property was owned directly by the
American Section could have his donation transferred to the Section.
The Section Headquarters were transferred back to Chicago and finally
to Wheaton. The whole property was eventually sold. The Krotona
Institute and the E. S. offices were transferred to a new Krotona
at Ojai. |
The original platform
of the T.S. had been founded on the autonomy of the lodges within
the various national sections but, at the time that Foster Bailey
and I came into the work, this whole situation had been fundamentally
changed. Those people were put into office in any lodge who were
E.S. members and through them Mrs. Besant and the leaders in Adyar
controlled every section and every lodge. Unless one accepted the
dictum of the E.S. members in every lodge, one was in disgrace and
it was almost impossible for the individual, therefore, to work
in the Lodge. The sectional magazines and the international magazine,
called "The Theosophist," were preoccupied with personality
quarrels. Articles were given up to the attack or the defense of
some individual. A strong phase of psychism was sweeping through
the society due to the psychic pronouncements of Mr. Leadbeater
and his extraordinary control over Mrs. Besant. The aftermath of
the Leadbeater scandal was still causing much talk. Mrs. Besant's
pronouncements about Krishnamurti were splitting the society wide
open. Orders were going out from Adyar, based upon what were claimed
to be orders to the Outer Head by one of the Masters, that every
member of the Theosophical Society had to throw his interests into
one or all of the three modes of work - the Co-Masonic Order, the
Order of Service and an educational movement. If you did not do
so you were regarded as being disloyal, inattentive to the requests
of the Masters and a bad Theosophist.
Books were being published
at Adyar by Mr. Leadbeater that were psychic in their implications
and impossible of verification, carrying a strong note of astralism.
|
|
| |
A study of the magazines of this period shows that
there was an uneasiness lest the priesthood of the Liberal Catholic
Church, composed mostly of prominent workers in The Society, should
lead to the dominance of ecclesiastical influence, and so draw it
into the sectarianism from which it had always kept clear. Many Sections
passed resolutions disclaiming any official association with any and
all divisions of the Christian Church, or with any religious or anti-religious
bodies, and affirmed the entire liberty of belief or disbelief of
each Fellow, and his freedom to work in any organisations he might
wish - “whether closely associated in the public mind with The Theosophical
Society or not.” (See The Vahan, Nov. 1918.) |
| About that time Mrs. Besant sent B. P. Wadia over
to the States to investigate and find out what was going on, and official
meetings were held with Wadia arbitrating. Foster, Dr. Shepherd and
myself, along with many others, represented the democratic side: Mr.
Warrington, Miss Poutz and those ranged with them represented the
side of authority and the domination of the E.S. I had never before
in my life been mixed up in an organizational row and I did not enjoy
this period at all. I loved some of the people on the other side very
much and it distressed me exceedingly. The trouble in time spread
to the whole Section and members kept resigning. |
|
| |
Another problem showed itself in an acute form in
America, where adverse opinion had begun to be formulated against
the Section administration, on the plea that it needed reform along
more democratic lines. Mr. Wadia had gone to the United States in
the latter part of 1919 as technical adviser to the India delegation
to the International Labour Conference held at Washington, D. C. He
was the Hon. Manager of the Theosophical Publishing House, Adyar,
with branches in London and Krotona. Mr. Warrington invited him to
stay longer than at first intended, in order to give him some assistance
in the difficulties which had arisen. He persuaded Mr. Warrington
to take a well-deserved rest and go to India for a year or two (as
he had worked hard for eight years to create Krotona), and evolved
a plan to put before Mrs. Besant whereby Krotona could become the
Headquarters of the American Theosophical Society, owned and controlled
by members and their elected representatives. |
| In 1920 this whole situation was reaching a climax.
The cleavage between the authoritarian of the E.S. and the more democratic
minds in the T.S. was steadily widening. In America Mr. Warrington
and the E.S. wardens and heads everywhere represented one group, and
the other group, at that time, was led by Foster Bailey and B. P.
Wadia. |
|
| |
The Towards Democracy League ... announced that
as “the T. S. must take its place with those who are striving towards
world-democracy … a band of harmonious and constructively inclined
F.T.S. at Krotona are endeavouring to promote that brotherly tolerance
which expresses itself through a spiritually democratic form of government.
…” Its Object was: “The promulgation and application of the Ideals
of Democracy in The Theosophical Society and the Body Politic.” On
his journey back through eleven other towns, Mr. Wadia was eagerly
welcomed and many believed him to be Mrs. Besant’s “agent.” |
This was the situation which was rampant when
the famous convention of 1920 took place in Chicago in the summer.
I had never been present at any convention in my life and to say
that I was disillusioned, disgusted and outraged is putting it mildly.
Gathered together was a group of men and women from all parts of
the United States who were presumably occupied in teaching and spreading
brotherhood. The hatred and rancor, the personality animus and the
political manipulation was so outrageous and shocking that I made
a vow never to attend another Theosophical Convention again in my
life. Next to Mr. Warrington, we were the ranking officials of the
T.S. but we were a small minority. It was obvious from the first
moment of the Convention that the E.S. was in control and that those
who stood for brotherhood and democracy were hopelessly outnumbered
and, therefore, beaten.
Others, who came over to the Convention with an
open mind, threw the weight of their interests and backing on our
side. In spite of it all, however, we were hopelessly defeated and
the E.S. was aggressively triumphant. There was nothing for us to
do but to return to Krotona and the situation was such that eventually
Mr. Warrington was forced to resign as head of the Theosophical
Society in America, though retaining his position in the E.S. He
was succeeded by Mr. Rogers who was bitterly opposed to us and far
more personal in his opposition than Mr. Warrington. The latter
realized our sincerity and apart from organizational differences
there was a strong affection between Mr. Warrington, Foster and
myself. Mr. Rogers was of a much smaller caliber and he threw us
out of our positions as soon as he got into power. Thus ended our
time at Krotona and our very real effort to be of service to the
Theosophical Society. |
|
| |
When the American
Section met in Convention, Chicago, 4 September, the question of
the relation of The Society to the Liberal Catholic Church was very
fully discussed, for it was charged by some that if priests
of the Church worked at Krotona this was a “rank violation of the
ideals upon which The Society was founded.” Mr. Warrington pointed
out that though “sanction and encouragement” had been given to the
new Church by Mrs. Besant and Bishop Leadbeater, The Society as
such had not done so. He recalled that the “same kind of sanction
and encouragement was given to Buddhism by Col. Olcott and Mr. Leadbeater,
and to Hinduism by Mrs. Besant in the early days …” (The Messenger,
Sept. 1919.) A cablegram was received from Sydney from Bishops Wedgwood,
Leadbeater and Cooper declaring “Society and Church absolutely independent.”
(Ibid., Oct. 1919.) Opinion was expressed that there was
danger in having pledged priests in official positions, as that
might result in complete dominance of The Society by the head of
the L.C.C. It was urged that all priests of the L.C.C. holding offices
or positions of trust in the Section be asked to resign, in order
that The Theosophical Society might preserve impartiality towards
all religions and sects. A cablegram was sent to Mrs. Besant asking
her opinion, and she replied that she “disapproved any disabilities
imposed on religious grounds.”
The Towards Democracy
League agreed with these views.
On 18 March Mr. Warrington
resigned his office, to take effect upon the acceptance of it by
Mr. L. W. Rogers, the Section’s Vice-President. Mr. Wadia took as
his special slogan the words “Back to Blavatsky.” He laid stress
on the idea that The Theosophical Society was in his opinion not
following the lines laid down by H. P. B., and was in danger of
being overtaken by the fate she said would happen to it should it
fall short of its mission. By the time he left America he had so
interested himself in the outlook of the Towards Democracy League
that Mr. Rogers felt it necessary, 21 May, to send a cable to Mrs.
Besant regretfully but emphatically protesting against his “unwarranted
interference in Section politics …” In his favour it was argued
“Mr. Wadia took part in the affairs of the American Section only
at the request of Mr. Warrington and the Administration, and that
he was only condemned when the evidence compelled him to disapprove
of the actions and policies of the administration.” |
After that completely shocking
annual convention of the T.S. in Chicago, Foster and I returned
to Krotona utterly disillusioned, profoundly convinced that the
T.S. was run strictly on personality lines, with the emphasis upon
personality status, upon personality devotions, upon personality
likes and dislikes and upon the imposition of personality decisions
upon a mass of personality followers. We simply did not know what
to do or along what line to work. Mr. Warrington was no longer president
of the society and Mr. L. W. Rogers succeeded him. My husband was
still national secretary and I was still editor of the national
magazine and chairman of the Krotona committee.
I shall never forget the morning when, upon his
assumption of office, Mr. Rogers took over, we went up to his office
to tender to him our desire to continue to serve the T.S.
Mr. Rogers looked at us and asked the question, "Is there any
way which you can think, by which you can be of service to me?"
Here we were, therefore, without jobs, no money, no future, three
children and utterly uncertain [177] as to what it was we wanted
to do. A move was instituted to have us ousted off the Krotona grounds
but Foster cabled Mrs. Besant and she immediately squashed the effort.
It was just a little too raw. |
|
| |
The Section Board of Trustees
found it necessary to remove from their Section offices some of
the chief leaders of the Towards Democracy League: 1. The National
Secretary, Mr. Foster Bailey; 2. the Editor of the American Section,
Mrs. Alice A. Evans (afterwards Mrs. Alice A. Bailey); 3. Publicity
Director, Mr. Woodruff G. Sheppard, on the grounds, among others,
that they were wholly out of harmony with the administration. Much
objection was taken to these dismissals. The League supported Miss
Isabel B. Holbrook, a well-known lecturer and worker, as National
President in the coming election.
When Mrs. Besant wrote concerning the problems
affecting the Section, she said to the members in general, “Will
not you, as you have now a new General Secretary and a new Headquarters
… try, even if some of you blame and find fault with him, to emulate
his work in serving the Society.” These words were used by some
as meaning she endorsed Mr. Rogers’ candidacy. Foster Bailey cabled
to her saying her letter caused members to think that if they voted
against Rogers they were disloyal to her. To which, 9 May, she gave
the important ruling, “President cannot interfere election choice.
No question loyalty to me involved …” (Letter from Foster Bailey
to Mrs. Besant, 12 May, 1921.) |
All this time Foster was acting as secretary
to the Theosophical Association of New York - an unofficial independent
organization.
Foster at this time organized the Committee of
1400 - a committee pledged to endeavor to swing the Theosophical
Society to its original principles... It was a fight between an
exclusive faction and an inclusive group. It was not a fight of
doctrines; it was a fight of principles and Foster spent much time
organizing the fight.
B. P. Wadia returned from India and we were at
first hopeful that he would give strength to what we were trying
to do. We found, however, that he planned to take over, if possible,
the presidency of the T.S. in this country with the help of Foster
and the Committee of 1400. Foster, however, had not organized in
order to put into power a man who would represent the committee.
The committee was organized to present the issues involved and the
principles at stake to the membership of the T.S. When Wadia discovered
that this was so he threatened to throw his interest and weight
into the United Lodge of Theosophists, a rival and most sectarian
organization.
The Committee of 1400 went ahead with its work.
The next election took place, the membership named its choice (or
rather the E.S. dictated its choice) and the work of the Committee,
therefore, came to an end. Wadia threw his weight, as he had said
he would, into the United Lodge of Theosophists. |
|
| |
At the Convention held, 12 July,
Mr. Rogers was elected General Secretary (National President). The
voting showed commendation of removing Section Headquarters to Chicago,
establishing a Section-owned Book Concern, and passed a hearty vote
of thanks to Mr. Warrington. It condemned: 1. the custom of circularising
the Section; 2. the work of the Theosophical Towards Democracy League
and its methods, and approved the dismissal of the three officers.
It endorsed the protest against Mr. Wadia’s interference, but thanked
him for his brilliant services on the platform. The voting was by
delegates, not by proxies, and as the opposition held 1,400 proxies,
it referred to itself as the “Committee of 1,400.” It drew up an
elaborate Petition to Mrs. Besant and, after recital of all its
views and the publication of many documents, argued that Mrs. Besant
had the right and should veto the majority decisions of the American
Convention, and make a new statement of principles applicable to
the situation.
The “Back to Blavatsky”
movement had gained strength in the United States. It was fostered
by those who felt opposed to the leaders in The Society. Bishop
Irving S. Cooper thought the stand taken was that Bishop Leadbeater’s
investigations were not acceptable to some “because they seemed
to go beyond what H. P. B. taught,” and because the results of his
investigations did not conform to what they considered “the limits
of Theosophical truth. …” Many thought this movement indicated an
irresistible human tendency to drift into orthodoxy.
Mrs. Besant deprecated as a form of orthodoxy that there was any
rigidity about the “end-of-the-century movement,” when some new
“messenger” might bring fresh light to the world, and that there
could be no other teacher sent to enlighten the minds of men. She
thought this storm in the United States and elsewhere was really
some of the reaction from the War, when the whole emotional world
had been thrown into whirlwinds and tumultuous waves, and strained
nerves caused by these impacts led to irritability and distorted
views and stirred party strife. It was open to all to condemn what
they thought a bad or corrupt system, but she protested against
personal attacks. Till matters grew calmer, she suspended the main
activities of the E. S. in America for a year, and asked members
to think and speak peace, and to act in a manner which would bring
peace. (From Private Papers.)
On 31 March, Mrs. Besant
replied to the Petition from “The Committee of 1,400,” in an “Official
Document.” She thought it obvious that the Back to Blavatsky movement
was “intended to depreciate the later exponents of Theosophical
ideas, as though growth were confined to H. P. B. herself. … Anything
I have to say to a National Society, I send through the General
Secretary, elected by that Society. … To come to the bedrock of
principle on which my answer to the Petition is based, a National
Society, or Section is autonomous, and no appeal lies to the General
Council.” Mrs. Besant cited those matters on which appeal may be
made to the President, and said: “I find nothing in the Constitution
which permits an appeal to the General Council by a dissident miniority
within a National Society, and the Bye-Laws of the T. S. in America
cannot give to the General Council a power of interference with
an autonomous National Society, the freedom of which is guaranteed
by the Constitution.” She concluded by appealing to them all to
throw the past behind them and “to go forward together to the helping
of the world. …”
The President had received
letters from America asking her advice on the election of the General
Secretary, as there were conflicting views still strongly agitating
the Section. She said that giving such advice was not included in
her duties, but she would welcome and work with those who were elected
to represent their country. “The policy of the T. S. is not to be
imposed upon it by one person, but is to be a policy jointly agreed
upon by all. … Individually, we are all free. Corporately, the Council
decides.” (The Theosophist, May, 1921, p. 110.)
|
I, in the meantime, had started
a Secret Doctrine class and had rented a room on Madison Avenue
where we could hold classes and see people by appointment. This
Secret Doctrine class was started in 1921 and was exceedingly well-attended.
People from the various Theosophical societies and occult groups
came regularly. Mr. Richard Prater, an old associate of W. Q. Judge
and a pupil of H. P. Blavatsky came to my class one day and the
next week turned his entire Secret Doctrine class over to me.
I mention this for the benefit of United Lodge
of Theosophists and for those who claim that the true Theosophical
lineage descends from H.P.B. via W. Q. Judge. All the Theosophy
that I knew had been taught me by personal friends and pupils of
H.P.B. and this Mr. Prater recognized. Later he gave me the esoteric
section instructions as given to him by H.P.B. They are identical
with those I had seen when in the E.S. but they were given to me
with no strings attached to them at all and I have been at liberty
to use them at any time and have used them. When he died many years
ago his theosophical library came into our hands with all the old
Lucifers and all the old editions of the Theosophical magazine,
plus other esoteric papers which he had received from H.P.B.
Among the papers which he gave me was one in which
H.P.B. expressed her wish that the esoteric section should be called
the Arcane School. It never was and I made up my mind that the old
lady should have her wish and that was how the school came to get
its name. I regarded it as a great privilege and happiness to know
Mr. Prater.
In 1921 we formed a small meditation group of five
men and my husband and myself who used to meet every Tuesday afternoon
after business hours to talk about the things that mattered, to
discuss the Plan of the Masters of the Wisdom and to meditate for
awhile on our part in it. This group met steadily from the summer
of 1922 until the summer of 1923.
By the time we returned to New York in September
1922 it was necessary to consider in what way we could possibly
handle the correspondence that was accumulating as a result of the
increasing sales of the books and how to meet the demand for Secret
Doctrine classes and how to handle all the appeals for help along
spiritual lines with which we were confronted. We, therefore, in
April 1923, organized the Arcane School.
The basic training given in the Arcane School is
that which has been given down the ages to disciples. The Arcane
School, if it is successful, will not therefore in this century
at least have a large membership. Those ready to be trained in the
spiritual laws which govern all disciples are rare indeed, though
we can look for an increasing number. The Arcane School is not a
school for probationary disciples. It is intended to be a school
for those who can be trained to act directly and consciously under
the Masters of the Wisdom. There are in the world today many schools
for probationers and they are doing great and noble and necessary
work.
|
|
| |
In the United States there were still
echoes of the storm of 1920-1. The Committee of 1,400 had disbanded,
and some had joined the “Back to Blavatsky” movement, led mainly by
Mr. and Mrs. Foster Bailey on its more progressive side. They have
themselves organised an “Arcane School,” with emphasis on intellectual
development, and have evolved their own ideas of the Inner Governance
of the world, accompanied by prophecies that The Theosophical Society
would disappear if it did not follow certain lines of conduct. |

|