Franz Hartmann, sin dr. Karla Hartmanna, vojaškega zdravnika, in
g. Elise von Stack, se je rodil 22. novembra 1838 v Donauwörthu.
Kmalu po njegovem rojstvu, se je družina preselila v Kempten, Allgäu,
na Bavarskem, ker je oče tam sprejel službo zdravnika na bavarskem
dvoru.
Po otroštvu in šolanju v Kemptnu, je mladi Franz
leta 1859 vstopil v vojsko in služil v prvem kraljevskem topniškem
regimentu, nato pa leta 1862 začel študirati farmacijo na univerzi
Ludwig Maximilian v Münchnu.
Še pred zaključkom študija
se je leta 1865 Hartmann napotil na izlet v Francijo, v LeHavre,
pa je v tamkajšnjem pristanišču naletel na ladjo, ki se je odpravljala
na plovbo proti New Yorku in na njenega lastnika, ki je iskal ladijskega
zdravnika. Lastnik je Franzu ponudil, da se mu pridruži na potovanju,
ta pa se je strinjal in tako je bil že po nekaj urah na morju. Ko
je prispel v New York, je bil tako navdušen nad ameriškim načinom
življenja, da se je odločil, da bo tam poiskal svojo prihodnost.
Vrojena ljubezen do
popotovanja in pustolovskega življenja, interes, da bi se seznanil
z novimi deželami in življenjskimi pogoji, ga je vodila po severnih
in južnih državah Severne Amerike. Končno se je ustalil v Saint
Louisu. Tam je tudi zaključil svoj študij in delal kot okulist ter
pridobil ameriško državljanstvo.
Leta 1870 je postalo
mirni življenje zanj preveč dolgočasno, tako da se je odpovedal
svoji dobro vpeljani praksi in se odpravil na širno popotovanje.
To ga je med drugim pripeljalo tudi v Mehiko, kjer je nekaj časa
živel v Cordobi in Orizabi in preučeval indijansko kulturo.
Na poti v New Orleans
so ga oropali, tako da je izgubil vse svoje prihranke in prišel
v mesto brez ficka in v capah. Tukaj je začel vse znova in se zaposlil
kot pomočnik v lekarni. Vendar pa se je kmalu dvignil, saj je New
Orleans ponujal bogato polje za njegovo poklicno dejavnost.
Leta 1872 se je preselil
v Teksas, kupil posestvo, se seznanil z mlado damo iz dobre družine
in se z njo poročil. Toda le sedem mesecev po poroki, je njegova
žena umrla, v Franzu pa se je znova prebudila ljubezen do popotovanja.
Odšel je v Skalno Gorovje v Koloradu in se nastanil v Georgetownu,
kjer je preživel več let kot zdravnik in pisec.
Leta 1881 je dr. Hartmann
postal prostozidar in zaradi zanimanja za ezoteriko je prebral Isis
Unveiled H. P. Blavatsky ter se nato leta 1883 pridružil Teozofskemu
Društvu v Ameriki. Istega leta so ga poklicali v Indijo, saj je
do tja že segel glas o njegovem pisanju o mistični filozofiji.
Najprej je obiskal Japonsko
in Kitajsko, nato pa se dlje časa zadržal v Indiji. V Madrasu je
prevzel položaj generalnega tajnika Teozofskega Društva. Na tem
položaju se je seznanil z ljudmi in deželami, ki so bile precej
tuje tedanjim Evropejcem, ter na podlagi tesnega stika z Varuhi
Starodavne Indijske Modrosti - poučenimi budisti in brahmani - spoznal
skrivnosti in neizmerljive globine kulture, ki se je razvijala mnoge
tisoče let in predstavljala zibelko naše lastne.
Leta 1885, po 25-tih
letih življenja v daljnih deželah in zaradi razmer po primeru Coulomb
na sedežu Teozofskega Društva, se je vrnil v Evropo. Prišel je do
spoznanja, da je potrebno ustanoviti novo nemško Teozofsko Društvo,
tako da bi se celotno gibanje osvobodilo senc preteklosti.
Leta 1886 mu je to možnost
ponudila g. Katherine Tingley, predsednica Teozofskega Društva v
Ameriki (ki ga je ustanovil W. Q. Judge), ko je obiskala Nemčijo
na svojem promocijskem potovanju po svetu. Tako je bilo 24. junija
1896 ustanovljeno Teozofsko Društvo v Evropi (Theosophische Gesellschaft
in Europa) in na prvem občnem zboru, 30. avgusta 1896, je bil Franz
Hartmann izbran za njegovega predsednika, Theodor Reuss pa za podpredsednika.
A le leto kasneje, 3.
septembra 1897, je dr. Hartmann izstopil iz T.G.E. in še na isti
dan ustanovil Mednarodno Teozofsko Bratstvo (Internationale Theosophische
Verbrüderung), ki naj bi povezalo vse teozofske lože pod to nadrejeno
organizacijo. Dr. Hartman je bil predsednik te organizacije le eno
leto, nato pa je nje predsedovanje prepustil g. Hermannu Rudolphu.
Tega leta, 1898, je
namreč dr. Hartmann v Leipzigu ustanovil pod okriljem I.T.V. Teozofsko
Društvo v Nemčiji (Theosophische Gesellschaft in Deutschland), katerega
člane so pogosto imenovali “Hartmannianer”, saj je teozofsko smer
društva začrtal njegov ustanovitelj. To društvo obstaja še dandanes.
Od sredine osemdesetih
je bil dr. Franz Hartmann v stiku z g. Friedrichom Ecksteinom z
Dunaja, in ko je leta 1886 Helena Blavatsky izdala ustanovitveno
listino in je bilo ustanovljeno Dunajsko Teozofsko Društvo
(Wiener Theosophische Gesellschaft), je slednji postal njegov predsednik.
Član tega kroga je bil tudi Rudolf Steiner, ki je tedaj tam študiral.
Na Dunaju je Dr. Hartmann spoznal tudi Karla Kellnerja, kemika na
področju papirja, s katerim sta razvila lignosulfitne inhalacije
proti tuberkolozi, tako da je pozneje dobil dobro plačano službo
v sanatoriju Lahmann v Salzburgu. Ker je večino svojega življenje
trpel kronično pomanjkanje denarja, je bila ta služba zanj pravi
blagoslov, saj mu je zagotovila redne dohodke.
Leta 1895 je Karl Kellner
vzpostavil v Chicagu stik z Hermetic Brotherhood of Light,
skrivnostno organizacijo, ki se je imela za naslednico Fratres
Lucis, avstrijske masonsko-rozenkrojcerske organizacije s koncem
osemnajstega stoletja. Kellner je verjel, da je odkril “ključ” do
jasne razlage zapletenega prostozidarskega simbolizma, in želel
ustanoviti Academia Masonica, ki naj bi omogočila prostozidarjem,
da bi se seznanili z vsem obstoječimi masonskimi stopnjami in sistemi.
Tako je bila še istega leta na Dunaju vzpostavljena skrivna in precej
ohlapna skupina, ki se ji je pridružil tudi Dr. Hartmann. Na podlagi
razprav v tej skupini se je Kellner odločil, da se bo organizacija
imenovala “Oriental Templar Order”, ki je bila uradno ustanovljena
leta 1903. Toda že leto kasneje se je dr. Hartmann ločil od te skupine
zaradi vse večjega vpliva Theodorja Reussa. Razlog je bil v tem,
da v organizaciji ni prevladal pristop v smislu Raja Yoge, ampak
bolj pristop v smislu Kundalini Yoge, pomešane z prostozidarskim
simbolizmom, ki ga je zagovarjal Reuss.
Dr. Hartmann je bil
član številnih skrivnih združb, in sicer Societas Rosicruciana
in Anglia (SRIA), angleške rozenkrojcerske organizacije, kot
tudi Weltbund der Illuminaten, ki jo je leta 1896 v Berlinu
ustanovil Leopold Engel. Domnevno naj bi leta 1889 Dr. Hartmann,
skupaj z grofico Constance Wachtmeister, na Monte Verita, v švicarski
Asconi, ustanovil neko vrsto “teozofskega samostana za laike”, ki
naj bi predstavljal uresničitev ideje, ki jo je predstavil v eni
od svojih knjig.
V zadnjih letih svojega
življenja je dr. Hartmann opravil številne predavateljske turneje
po Nemčiji in Angliji, ki so naletele na zelo dober odziv. Umrl
je v Kemptenu, 7. avgusta 1912, potem ko se je zadnji del življenja
posvetil pomoči drugim, da bi našli Resnico.
Franz Hartmann je veljal
za mojstra jezika. Bil je sposoben tudi najbolj težavna vprašanja
predstaviti v preprostem in lahko razumljivem jeziku. Po njegovih
besedah, ni nikoli želel postati pisatelj, ampak ga je zanimalo
“zasebno preučevanje” pisanja, najprej v angleškem in šele nato
v nemškem jeziku. Njegovo glavno delo je bila revija Lotosblüten,
ki jo je izdajal 13 let in vanjo prispeval večino člankov. Mnogi
od teh esejev so nato izšli v knjižni obliki. Pisal je tudi za reviji
Sphinx in Neue Metaphysische Rundschau ter druge.
Pisal je o krščanskem misticizmu, Yogi, Vedah, Upanishadah in Bhagavad
Giti, o alkimiji in Rožnih križarjih ter napisal biografiji Jacoba
Boehmeja in Paracelzusa. V njegovem področju zanimanja sta bila
tudi okultizem in magija ter seveda Teozofija. Kot prevajalec pa
je v nemški jezik prevedel Bhagavad Gito.
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Franz Hartmann, son of Dr. Carl Hartmann, medical officer, and Mrs.
Elise von Stack was born on 22nd November 1838 in Donauwörth. Briefly
after his birth family moved to Kempten, Allgäu, as father had accepted
there a place as a royally Bavarian court physician.
After his childhood
and school attendance in Kempten, young Franz began, in 1859, his
service in the Bavarian artillery in the First Royal Bavarian artillery
regiment and then, in 1862, began with the study of the pharmacology
at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich.
Still before the conclusion
of his study Hartmann made, in 1865, a holiday trip to France, in
LeHavre. At the time there was in the harbor of this town a ship
just ready to sail for New York, the owner of which was seeking
for a doctor for the voyage. Coming accidentally across the young
student, he proposed him to join the ship. Hartmann agreed to do
so, and a few hours later he was on the high seas. On arriving at
New York, he was so favorably impressed with American life that
he decided to seek his future there.
An inborn love of wandering
and of a life of adventure, the interest of becoming acquainted
with new countries and conditions of life led him to the Northern
and Southern States of North America. He finally established himself
in Saint Louis. There he terminated his study, practiced as an optician
and acquired the American citizenship.
In 1870 the calm life
became too boring for him and Hartmann gave its well going practice
up and began an expanded travel activity. Arriving in Mexico he
lived for some time in Cordoba and Orizaba and studied the Indian
culture.
On journey to New Orleans
he was attacked by robbers and lost his fairly considerable savings
and reaching the town penniless and deprived of even decent clothing.
Here he had to commence again from the beginning, and was thankful
to find a place as medical attendant in an apothecary’s shop. But
he soon raised himself from this, as New Orleans offered a rich
field for his professional activity.
In 1872 he moved to
Texas, bought a farm and made acquaintance with a young lady of
good family, whom he married. But only seven months later his wife
died and once more love of wandering awoke within him. Hartmann
went to the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, where he lived, in Georgetown,
for several years an active life as a doctor and author.
In 1881 Dr. Hartmann
became a freemason and due to his esoteric interests he read the
H. P. Blavatsky’s Isis Unveiled and, in 1883, joined the
American Theosophical Society. The same year he received a call
from India, where he was already known by his writings on mystical
philosophy.
Hartmann first visited
Japan and China, and afterwards reached India for a prolonged stay.
In Madras he took the office of the General Secretary of the Theosophical
Society. In this position he had the opportunity of becoming acquainted
with countries and people such as seldom falls to the lot of Europeans
and to penetrate by means of his intimate intercourse with the Guardians
of the Ancient Indian Wisdom - learned Buddhists and Brahmins -
into the mysteries and unfathomable depths of a culture covering
many thousands of years and the cradle of our own.
In 1885, after 25 years
in distant foreign countries and because of the situation after
the Coulomb’s affair at the Headquarters of the T. S., Dr. Hartmann
returned to Europe. He came to the conclusion that a new German
Theosophical Society has to be created, so that the whole movement
can become free of the shade of the past.
In 1886 Mrs. Katherine
Tingley, the President of the Theosophical Society in America (established
by W. Q. Judge), offered him this opportunity when she visited Germany
during her advertising voyage round the world. So, on 24 June 1896
in Berlin, the Theosophical Society in Europe (Theosophische Gesellschaft
in Europa) was established and on the first general meeting, on
30 August 1896, Franz Hartmann was elected as the president of the
new society and Theodor Reuss as the vice-president.
But only after one year,
on 3 September 1897, Dr. Hartmann separated from the T.G.E. and
on the same day established, in Munich, the International Theosophical
Fraternity (Internationale Theosophische Verbrüderung), which should
unite all theosophical lodges as a subordinated organization. Dr.
Hartmann was president of this organization only for one year and
then handed it over to Mr. Hermann Rudolph.
This same year Dr. Hartmann
created, in Leipzig, under the roof of the I.T.V., the Theosophical
Society in Germany (Theosophische Gesellschaft in Deutschland),
whose members in consequence were often called “Hartmannianer”,
since their theosophical direction was shaped by their founder.
This society exists still today.
From the middle ‘80’s
Dr. Franz Hartmann was in contact with Mr. Friedrich Eckstein from
Vienna and when, in 1886, there was a charter of the foundation
issued by Helena Blavatsky and the Viennese Theosophical Society
created (Wiener Theosophische Gesellschaft), he was elected
its President. Member of this lodge was also Rudolf Steiner, then
student there. In Vienna Dr. Hartman made acquaintance also with
Carl Kellner, paper chemist, with whom he developed lignosulfit
inhalations against tuberculosis and later on got a well paid employment
at the sanatorium Lahmann in Salzburg. As most of his life Hartmann
suffered from chronic money shortage, this place was a blessing
for him, as it secured him a regular income.
In 1895, in Chicago,
Carl Kellner made contact with the Hermetic Brotherhood of Light,
a mystical society which claimed descent from the late 18th century
Austrian Masonic-Rosicrucian body known as the Fratres Lucis.
Kellner believed that he had discovered a “Key” which offered a
clear explanation of all the complex symbolism of Freemasonry and
developed a desire to form an Academia Masonica which would
enable all Freemasons to become familiar with all existing Masonic
degrees and systems. So, in the same year a secret and rather loosely
connected group was established in Vienna, with Dr. Hartmann as
a joint founder. During the discussions of this group Kellner decided
that this organization should be called the “Oriental Templar Order”
(O.T.O.), which was officially created in 1903. But already one
year later Dr. Hartmann began to dissociate from it because of increasing
influence of Theodor Reuss. The reason was that in the organization
didn’t prevailed the Raja Yoga approach, publicised by Hartmann,
but rather the Kundalini Yoga, mixed with freemason’s elements,
favoured by Reuss.
Dr. Hartmann was a member
of several secret companies, namely the Societas Rosicruciana
in Anglia (SRIA), the English Rose cross company, as well as
of the World League of the Illuminati (Weltbund der Illuminaten),
created in 1896 in Berlin by Leopold Engel. It is assumed that Dr.
Hartmann had created in 1889, together with Countess Constance Wachtmeister,
at the Monte Verita in the Swiss Ascona, a kind of “theosophical
layman monastery”, which should be the implementation of an idea
described in his books.
In last years of his
life Hartmann undertook numerous lecture journeys through Germany
and England, which enjoyed large popularity. He died in Kempten
on August 7th 1912, having dedicated his later life helping others
to find the Truth.
Franz Hartmann was considered
a master of the language. He was able to state even difficult connections
in simple and easily understandable words. According to his own
words, he never wanted to become a writer, but began a “private
study” of writing, at first in English and only later in German.
His major work was the magazine Lotosblüten, which he published
for 13 years and where he wrote the largest part of articles. Many
of these essays were later published in book form. He wrote also
for magazines Sphinx and Neue Metaphysische Rundschau
and others. Beside on Christian mysticism he wrote on Yoga, Vedas,
Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita, on alchemy and Rosicrucians and wrote
biographies of Jacob Boehme and Paracelsus. Occultism and magic
belonged likewise to its repertoire, as well as topics on Theosophy.
He worked also as a translator and translated in German language
the Bhagavad Gita.
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